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- $Unique_ID{BRK03461}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Anemia, Hemolytic, Cold Antibody}
- $Subject{Anemia Hemolytic Cold Antibody Cold Agglutinin Disease Cold Antibody
- Disease Anemia Autoimmune Hemolytic Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria Anemia
- Warm-Antibody Hemolytic}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 723:
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Cold Antibody
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Anemia, Cold Antibody
- Hemolytic) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Cold Agglutinin Disease
- Cold Antibody Disease
- Anemia, Autoimmune Hemolytic
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
- Anemia, Warm-Antibody Hemolytic
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is a rare autoimmune disorder in which red
- blood cells are attacked and destroyed by the body's natural defenses
- (antibodies) in temperatures of 32 degrees centigrade or below.
-
- Symptoms
-
- In Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia, cold temperatures cause certain proteins
- which normally attack bacteria (IgM antibodies) to attach themselves to red
- blood cells and bind them together into clumps (agglutination). The
- antibodies activate complement in the blood causing changes in the red cell
- surface membrane that results in their removal from the circulation
- macrophages.
-
- Scientists believe that this binding of antibodies and red blood cells
- occurs in areas farthest away from the center of the body such as ear lobes,
- fingertips, the tip of the nose and the cheeks where temperatures can be as
- low as 32 to 28 degrees Centigrade for periods of time, particularly in cold
- climates.
-
- Individuals with cold antibody hemolytic anemia may show symptoms of
- weakness, dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), spots before
- the eyes, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability or bizarre behavior. Absent
- menstruation (amenorrhea), gastrointestinal complaints, yellowing of the skin
- (jaundice) and enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) may also occur.
- Heart failure or shock may result. More rarely, there may be a passing of
- dark urine (hemoglobinuria).
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of cold antibody hemolytic anemia is not known. Autoimmune
- disorders occur when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes,
- etc.) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy
- tissue for unknown reasons.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia most commonly affects older people. Those
- individuals with infectious mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative diseases, or
- mycoplasma pneumonia are more susceptible to this disorder.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Cold Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH) is characterized by a disintegration
- of cells (hemolysis) occuring minutes to hours after exposure to cold.
- Symptoms include severe pain in the back and legs, headache, vomiting,
- diarrhea and passage of dark brown urine. There may be temporary enlargement
- of the liver and spleen. This disorder is frequently associated with viral
- infections such as chickenpox and mumps. (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Warm-Antibody Anemia is a disorder characterized by destruction of red
- blood cells by certain antibodies. These antibodies may arise without cause
- or they may be associated with certain diseases such as lymphoma, chronic
- lymphocytic leukemia or Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus). (For more
- information on this disorders, choose "Warm Antibody Anemia" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Prevention of cold antibody hemolytic anemia includes avoidance of exposure
- to cold. In severe cases, treatment with immunosuppressive drugs such as
- chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide is sometimes capable of reducing the cold
- agglutinin concentration.
-
- In cases where blood transfusions are necessary, certain guidelines must
- be followed. Cross-matching should be done at 37 degrees Centigrade to find
- compatible units of blood, and the blood should be warmed by an online warmer
- to prevent new red blood cells from being coated with antibodies.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of Cold Antibody Hemolytic
- Anemia. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins,
- metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from
- the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma
- is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into
- the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side
- effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can
- be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Cold Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia.
-
- Studies are being conducted in the use of Sandoglobulin as a treatment
- for Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia. Further investigation is needed to
- determine it's safety and effectiveness.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 1058-1059.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;Merck Sharp
- & Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1114-1117.
-
- BENEFIT OF A 37 DEGREE C EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT IN PLASMA EXCHANGE
- THERAPY FOR SELECTED CASES WITH COLD AGGLUTININ DISEASE. C. Andrzejewski Jr.
- et al.; J CLIN APHERESIS (1988; 4(1):13-17).
-
- ISOLATION OF A PEPTIDE ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOIMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA FROM
- RED CELL MEMBRANES. E. Kajii et al.; CLIN EXP IMMUNOL (Sep. 1988; 73(3):406-
- 409).
-
- PATIENTS WITH RED CELL AUTOANTIBODIES: SELECTION OF BLOOD FOR
- TRANSFUSION. R.J. Sokol et al.; CLIN LAB HAEMATOL (1988; 10(3):257-264.)
-
-